全部问题

我想将 postgresql 连接到我的 django 应用程序，我刚刚下载了 postgresql。我按照网上的说明做了一切：我改变了settings.py

DATABASES = {
    "default": {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2',
        'NAME': 'postgres',
        'USER': 'postgres',
        'PASSWORD': '12345678',
        'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
        'PORT': '',
    }
}

创建了一个数据库test和一个国家表，填写了它，以不同的方式更改了它，正如他们在互联网上所写的那样，该文件var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf 创建了一个用户，授予了数据库的权限，出现了一个 Fedora 错误：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 279, in ensure_connection
    self.connect()
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/utils/asyncio.py", line 26, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwargs)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 256, in connect
    self.connection = self.get_new_connection(conn_params)
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/utils/asyncio.py", line 26, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwargs)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py", line 332, in get_new_connection
    connection = self.Database.connect(**conn_params)
                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/psycopg/connection.py", line 119, in connect
    raise last_ex.with_traceback(None)
psycopg.OperationalError: connection failed: connection to server at "127.0.0.1", port 5432 failed: ВАЖНО:  пользователь "postgres" не прошёл проверку подлинности (Ident)

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/azat/Документы/test/manage.py", line 22, in <module>
    main()
  File "/home/azat/Документы/test/manage.py", line 18, in main
    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 442, in execute_from_command_line
    utility.execute()
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 436, in execute
    self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 413, in run_from_argv
    self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 459, in execute
    output = self.handle(*args, **options)
             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 107, in wrapper
    res = handle_func(*args, **kwargs)
          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/migrate.py", line 118, in handle
    executor = MigrationExecutor(connection, self.migration_progress_callback)
               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/migrations/executor.py", line 18, in __init__
    self.loader = MigrationLoader(self.connection)
                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/migrations/loader.py", line 58, in __init__
    self.build_graph()
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/migrations/loader.py", line 235, in build_graph
    self.applied_migrations = recorder.applied_migrations()
                              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/migrations/recorder.py", line 89, in applied_migrations
    if self.has_table():
       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/migrations/recorder.py", line 63, in has_table
    with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/utils/asyncio.py", line 26, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwargs)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 320, in cursor
    return self._cursor()
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 296, in _cursor
    self.ensure_connection()
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/utils/asyncio.py", line 26, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwargs)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 278, in ensure_connection
    with self.wrap_database_errors:
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 91, in __exit__
    raise dj_exc_value.with_traceback(traceback) from exc_value
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 279, in ensure_connection
    self.connect()
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/utils/asyncio.py", line 26, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwargs)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 256, in connect
    self.connection = self.get_new_connection(conn_params)
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/utils/asyncio.py", line 26, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwargs)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py", line 332, in get_new_connection
    connection = self.Database.connect(**conn_params)
                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/azat/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/psycopg/connection.py", line 119, in connect
    raise last_ex.with_traceback(None)
django.db.utils.OperationalError: connection failed: connection to server at "127.0.0.1", port 5432 failed: ВАЖНО:  пользователь "postgres" не прошёл проверку подлинности (Ident)

pg_hba.conf：

...


# TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD

# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
local   all             all                                     peer
# IPv4 local connections:
host    all             all             127.0.0.1/32            md5
# IPv6 local connections:
host    all             all             ::1/128                 md5
# Allow replication connections from localhost, by a user with the
# replication privilege.
local   replication     all                                     trust
host    replication     all             ::1/128                 trust

sudo -u postgres psql -U postgres -d postgres

使用命令SELECT * FROM "countries"; 一切正常

我可能没有注意到，但是该表称为“国家”，并且数据库显然是 postgres

\l

                                              Список баз данных
    Имя    | Владелец | Кодировка | Провайдер локали | LC_COLLATE  |  LC_CTYPE   | локаль ICU | Правила ICU |     Права доступа     
-----------+----------+-----------+------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-------------+-----------------------
 postgres  | postgres | UTF8      | libc             | ru_RU.UTF-8 | ru_RU.UTF-8 |            |             | 
 template0 | postgres | UTF8      | libc             | ru_RU.UTF-8 | ru_RU.UTF-8 |            |             | =c/postgres          +
           |          |           |                  |             |             |            |             | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1 | postgres | UTF8      | libc             | ru_RU.UTF-8 | ru_RU.UTF-8 |            |             | =c/postgres          +
           |          |           |                  |             |             |            |             | postgres=CTc/postgres
 test      | postgres | UTF8      | libc             | ru_RU.UTF-8 | ru_RU.UTF-8 |            |             | =Tc/postgres         +
           |          |           |                  |             |             |            |             | postgres=CTc/postgres+
           |          |           |                  |             |             |            |             | psqluser=CTc/postgres

\du+

                                         Список ролей
 Имя роли |                                Атрибуты                                 | Описание 
----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------
 postgres | Суперпользователь, Создаёт роли, Создаёт БД, Репликация, Пропускать RLS | 
 psqluser |                                                                         | 

当我在控制台中运行 psql 时，它会一直工作 ，直到我指定主机-h（尝试了 localhost 和 127.0.0.1）

尽管：

pg_isready -h 127.0.0.1 -p 5432

127.0.0.1:5432 - принимает подключения

没有任何帮助请告诉我

我正在使用 Java servlet 编写一个小型 Web 应用程序，我有一个问题。

我有一个 servlet，它使用id.因此，在servlet中，URL映射被指定为/projects/*，并且servlet中已经进行了一些检查。

另外，我有一个 servlet，它提供有关该项目任务的信息，我想给它一个 URL /projects/*/tasks，但它不起作用。该怎么办？

我决定检查该方法的作用abc.get_cache_token()，但我不明白为什么在输出令牌时，它总是打印相同的值。根据定义，我想知道什么是缓存版本以及为什么要比较？

令牌是一个不透明对象（支持相等测试），用于标识虚拟子类的抽象基类的当前缓存版本。

import abc
import unittest
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod, ABCMeta

class Test_Environment(unittest.TestCase):
    def test(self):
        class A(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
            @abstractmethod
            def func(self):
                raise NotImplementedError

        class B(A):
            def func(self):
                print("inheritance")


        Otoken = abc.get_cache_token()
        obj = B()
        Ntoken = abc.get_cache_token()
        self.assertEqual(Otoken, Ntoken, 'equal')
        print(Otoken, Ntoken)

mc = Test_Environment()
mc.test()

27 27 输出

同时，equal方法中的注释assertEqual没有显示，也没有任何反应。

阅读文档，我发现了一种通过传递参数调用方法的实现。

def printArgs(a, b):
    print(f"a = {a}, b = {b}")

printArgs(*(2,3))
printArgs(2,3)

我不太明白*如果你可以只列出参数而无需指针，为什么要用它来传递参数？

另外，据我了解，传递starred_and_keywords首先发生，因此使用指针传递参数b会引发错误：

printArgs(a=1, *(2,))

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C\...", line 4, in <module>
    printArgs(a=1, *(2,))
TypeError: printArgs() got multiple values for argument 'a'

我在 Django 上有一个网站项目，在 html 页面中包含以下代码：

                <strong>{{portfolio.begin|safe}} - {{portfolio.finish|safe}}:</strong> {{portfolio.location|safe}}
                <strong>Должность:</strong> {{portfolio.specialization|safe}}
                <strong>Дополнительная информация:</strong> {{portfolio.responsibilities|safe}}
                <strong>Достижения:</strong> {{portfolio.progress|safe}}

我决定研究一下网络服务器安全性。并了解到以这种方式从数据库填写信息是不安全的。问题是，使用这样的参数安全吗？将参数从数据库传递到html的最佳方法是什么？？？所有代码都在这里：https://github.com/it38dato/MyPortfolio/blob/main/dato138it/david138it/index.html